curl命令详解 （curl
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curl命令详解 （curl
转 .html
curl 是一种命令行工具，作用是发出网络请求，然后获取数据，显示在"标准输出"（stdout）上面。它支持多种协议，下面列举其常用功能。
一、查看网页源码
直接在 curl 命令后加上网址，就可以看到网页源码。以网址 www.sina.com为例（选择该网址，主要因为它的网页代码较短）。
$ curl www.sina.com
<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx</center>
</body>
</html>如果要把这个网页保存下来，可以使用 -o 参数：
$ curl -o [文件名] www.sina.com
二、自动跳转
有的网址是自动跳转的。使用 -L 参数，curl 就会跳转到新的网址。
$ curl -L www.sina.com
键入上面的命令，结果自动跳转为 www.sina.com.cn。
三、显示头信息
-i 参数可以显示 http response 的头信息，连同网页代码一起。-I 参数则只显示 http response 的头信息。
$ curl -i www.sina.com
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx
Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:30:16 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Location: /
Expires: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:32:16 GMT
Cache-Control: max-age=120
Age: 102
Content-Length: 178
X-Cache: HIT from xd33-83.sina.com.cn<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx</center>
</body>
</html>
四、显示通信过程
-v 参数可以显示一次 http 通信的整个过程，包括端口连接和 http request 头信息。
$ curl -v www.sina.com
* Rebuilt URL to: www.sina.com/
* Hostname was NOT found in DNS cache
* Trying 202.108.33.60...
* Connected to www.sina.com (202.108.33.60) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.35.0
> Host: www.sina.com
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
* Server nginx is not blacklisted
< Server: nginx
< Date: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:48:14 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html
< Location: /
< Expires: Tue, 23 Aug 2016 08:50:14 GMT
< Cache-Control: max-age=120
< Age: 40
< Content-Length: 178
< X-Cache: HIT from xd33-81.sina.com.cn
<
<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx</center>
</body>
</html>
* Connection #0 to host www.sina.com left intact
如果觉得上面的信息还不够，那么下面的命令可以查看更详细的通信过程。
$ curl --trace output.txt www.sina.com
或者
$ curl --trace-ascii output.txt www.sina.com
运行后，打开 output.txt 文件查看。
五、发送表单信息
发送表单信息有 GET 和 POST 两种方法。GET 方法相对简单，只要把数据附在网址后面就行。
$ curl example.com/form.cgi?data=xxx
POST 方法必须把数据和网址分开，curl 就要用到 --data 或者 -d 参数。
$ curl -X POST --data "data=xxx" example.com/form.cgi
如果你的数据没有经过表单编码，还可以让 curl 为你编码，参数是 --data-urlencode。
$ curl -X POST--data-urlencode "date=April 1" example.com/form.cgi
六、HTTP动词
curl 默认的 HTTP 动词是 GET，使用 -X 参数可以支持其他动词。
$ curl -X POST www.example.com
$ curl -X DELETE www.example.com
七、User Agent字段
这个字段是用来表示客户端的设备信息。服务器有时会根据这个字段，针对不同设备，返回不同格式的网页，比如手机版和桌面版。
浏览器的 User Agent 是：
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.84 Safari/537.36
curl 可以这样模拟：
$ curl --user-agent "[User Agent]" [URL]
八、cookie
使用 --cookie 参数，可以让 curl 发送 cookie。
$ curl --cookie "name=xxx" www.example.com
至于具体的 cookie 的值，可以从 http response 头信息的 Set-Cookie 字段中得到。
九、增加头信息--header
有时需要在 http request 之中，自行增加一个头信息。--header 参数就可以起到这个作用。
$ curl --header "Content-Type:application/json"
十、HTTP认证
有些网域需要 HTTP 认证，这时 curl 需要用到 --user 或者 -u 参数。
$ curl --user name:password example.com
附录 curl 命令完整的参数
$ curl --help
Usage: curl [options...] <url>
Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only--anyauth Pick "any" authentication method (H)-a, --append Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)--cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)--capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)-E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)--cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)--ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use (SSL)--compressed Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)-K, --config FILE Specify which config file to read--connect-timeout SECONDS Maximum time allowed for connection-C, --continue-at OFFSET Resumed transfer offset-b, --cookie STRING/FILE String or file to read cookies from (H)-c, --cookie-jar FILE Write cookies to this file after operation (H)--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload--crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file-d, --data DATA HTTP POST data (H)--data-ascii DATA HTTP POST ASCII data (H)--data-binary DATA HTTP POST binary data (H)--data-urlencode DATA HTTP POST data url encoded (H)--delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV (F)--dns-servers DNS server addrs to use: 1.1.1.1;2.2.2.2--dns-interface Interface to use for DNS requests--dns-ipv4-addr IPv4 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation--dns-ipv6-addr IPv6 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation-D, --dump-header FILE Write the headers to this file--egd-file FILE EGD socket path for random data (SSL)--engine ENGINE Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)-F, --form CONTENT Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)--form-string STRING Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)--ftp-account DATA Account data string (F)--ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND String to replace "USER [name]" (F)--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present (F)--ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)-P, --ftp-port ADR Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)--ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)--ftp-pret Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)--ftp-ssl-ccc Send CCC after authenticating (F)--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE Set CCC mode (F)--ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)-G, --get Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)-g, --globoff Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []-H, --header LINE Custom header to pass to server (H)-I, --head Show document info only-h, --help This help text--hostpubmd5 MD5 Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)-0, --http1.0 Use HTTP 1.0 (H)--http1.1 Use HTTP 1.1 (H)--http2.0 Use HTTP 2.0 (H)--ignore-content-length Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header-i, --include Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)-k, --insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)--interface INTERFACE Specify network interface/address to use-4, --ipv4 Resolve name to IPv4 address-6, --ipv6 Resolve name to IPv6 address-j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)--keepalive-time SECONDS Interval between keepalive probes--key KEY Private key file name (SSL/SSH)--key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)--krb LEVEL Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)--libcurl FILE Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line--limit-rate RATE Limit transfer speed to this rate-l, --list-only List only mode (F/POP3)--local-port RANGE Force use of these local port numbers-L, --location Follow redirects (H)--location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)-M, --manual Display the full manual--mail-from FROM Mail from this address (SMTP)--mail-rcpt TO Mail to this/these addresses (SMTP)--mail-auth AUTH Originator address of the original email (SMTP)--max-filesize BYTES Maximum file size to download (H/F)--max-redirs NUM Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)-m, --max-time SECONDS Maximum time allowed for the transfer--metalink Process given URLs as metalink XML file--negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)-n, --netrc Must read .netrc for user name and password--netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n--netrc-file FILE Set up the netrc filename to use-N, --no-buffer Disable buffering of the output stream--no-keepalive Disable keepalive use on the connection--no-sessionid Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)--noproxy List of hosts which do not use proxy--ntlm Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)--oauth2-bearer TOKEN OAuth 2 Bearer Token (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)-o, --output FILE Write output to <file> instead of stdout--pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)--post301 Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)--post302 Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)--post303 Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)-#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a progress bar--proto PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols--proto-redir PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect-x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port--proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)--proxy-basic Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)--proxy-digest Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)--proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)--proxy-ntlm Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)-U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD] Proxy user and password--proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT] Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port-p, --proxytunnel Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)--pubkey KEY Public key file name (SSH)-Q, --quote CMD Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)--random-file FILE File for reading random data from (SSL)-r, --range RANGE Retrieve only the bytes within a range--raw Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)-e, --referer Referer URL (H)-J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)-O, --remote-name Write output to a file named as the remote file--remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs-R, --remote-time Set the remote file's time on the local output-X, --request COMMAND Specify request command to use--resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS--retry NUM Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur--retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each--retry-max-time SECONDS Retry only within this period--sasl-ir Enable initial response in SASL authentication-S, --show-error Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur-s, --silent Silent mode. Don't output anything--socks4 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port--socks4a HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port--socks5 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port--socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy--socks5-gssapi-service NAME SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi--socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server-Y, --speed-limit RATE Stop transfers below speed-limit for 'speed-time' secs-y, --speed-time SECONDS Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30--ssl Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)--ssl-reqd Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)-2, --sslv2 Use SSLv2 (SSL)-3, --sslv3 Use SSLv3 (SSL)--ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)--stderr FILE Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout--tcp-nodelay Use the TCP_NODELAY option-t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL Set telnet option--tftp-blksize VALUE Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)-z, --time-cond TIME Transfer based on a time condition-1, --tlsv1 Use TLSv1 (SSL)--trace FILE Write a debug trace to the given file--trace-ascii FILE Like --trace but without the hex output--trace-time Add time stamps to trace/verbose output--tr-encoding Request compressed transfer encoding (H)-T, --upload-file FILE Transfer FILE to destination--url URL URL to work with-B, --use-ascii Use ASCII/text transfer-u, --user USER[:PASSWORD][;OPTIONS] Server user, password and login options--tlsuser USER TLS username--tlspassword STRING TLS password--tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type (default SRP)-A, --user-agent STRING User-Agent to send to server (H)-v, --verbose Make the operation more talkative-V, --version Show version number and quit-w, --write-out FORMAT What to output after completion--xattr Store metadata in extended file attributes-q If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc